The main tools that Django itself provides are a set of Python scripts for creating and working with Django projects, along with a simple development web server that you can use to test local (i.e., on your computer, not on an external web server) Django web applications on your computer's web browser.

There are other peripheral tools, that often form part of the development environment, that we won't be covering here. These include things like a text editor or IDE for editing code, linters for auto formatting, and so on. We are assuming that you've already got a text editor installed.

• Installed on different operating systems.
• Installed from source, from the Python Package Index (PyPi) and in many cases from the host computer's package manager application.
• Configured to use one of several databases, which may also need to be separately installed and configured.
• Run in the main system Python environment or within separate Python virtual environments.

Each of these options requires a slightly different configuration and setup. The following subsections explain some of your choices. For the rest of the article, we'll show you how to set up Django on a small number of operating systems, and that setup will be assumed throughout the rest of this module.

What operating systems are supported?

Django web applications can be run on almost any machine that can run the Python 3 programming language: Windows, macOS, Linux/Unix, Solaris, to name just a few. Almost any computer should have the necessary performance to run Django during development.

In this article, we'll provide instructions for Windows, macOS, and Linux/Unix.

What version of Python should be used?

You can use any Python version supported by your target Django release. For Django 5.0 the allowed versions are Python 3.10 to 3.12 (see FAQ:Installation).

The Django project recommends (and "officially supports") using the newest available version of the supported Python release.

Where can we download Django?

There are three places to download Django:

• The Python Package Repository (PyPi), using the pip tool. This is the best way to get the latest stable version of Django.
• Use a version from your computer's package manager. Distributions of Django that are bundled with operating systems offer a familiar installation mechanism. Note however that the packaged version may be quite old, and can only be installed into the system Python environment (which may not be what you want).
• Install from source. You can get and install the latest bleeding-edge version of Django from the source. This is not recommended for beginners but is needed when you're ready to start contributing back to Django itself.

This article shows how to install Django from PyPi, in order to get the latest stable version.

Which database?

Django officially supports the PostgreSQL, MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, and SQLite databases, and there are community libraries that provide varying levels of support for other popular SQL and NoSQL databases. We recommend that you select the same database for both production and development (although Django abstracts many of the database differences using its Object-Relational Mapper (ORM), there are still potential issues that are better to avoid).

For this article (and most of this module) we will be using the SQLite database, which stores its data in a file. SQLite is intended for use as a lightweight database and can't support a high level of concurrency. It is, however, an excellent choice for applications that are primarily read-only.

Installing system-wide or in a Python virtual environment?

When you install Python3 you get a single global environment that is shared by all Python3 code. While you can install whatever Python packages you like in the environment, you can only install one particular version of each package at a time.

If you install Django into the default/global environment then you will only be able to target one version of Django on the computer. This can be a problem if you want to create new websites (using the latest version of Django) while still maintaining websites that rely on older versions.

As a result, experienced Python/Django developers typically run Python apps within independent Python virtual environments. This enables multiple different Django environments on a single computer. The Django developer team itself recommends that you use Python virtual environments!

This module assumes that you've installed Django into a virtual environment, and we'll show you how below.

This section briefly explains how you can check what versions of Python are present, and install new versions as needed, for Ubuntu Linux 20.04, macOS, and Windows 10.

python3 -V
# Output: Python 3.10.12

However, the Python Package Index tool (pip3) you'll need to install packages for Python 3 (including Django) is not available by default. You can install pip3 in the bash terminal using:

sudo apt install python3-pip

python3 -V

This will either display the Python version number, which indicates that Python 3 is installed, or python3: command not found, which indicates Python 3 was not found.

You can easily install Python 3 (along with the pip3 tool) from python.org:

1. Download the required installer:

   1. Go to https://www.python.org/downloads/macos/
   2. Download the stable release of the most recent supported version that works with Django 5.0. (at time of writing this is Python 3.11.8).

2. Locate the file using Finder, and double-click the package file. Following the installation prompts.

You can now confirm successful installation by running python3 -V again and checking for the Python version number.

You can similarly check that pip3 is installed by listing the available packages:

pip3 list

1. Download the required installer:

   1. Go to https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/
   2. Download the stable release of the most recent supported version that works with Django 5.0. (at time of writing this is Python 3.11.8).

2. Install Python by double-clicking on the downloaded file and following the installation prompts

3. Be sure to check the box labeled "Add Python to PATH"

You can then verify that Python 3 was installed by entering the following text into the command prompt:

py -3 -V

The Windows installer incorporates pip3 (the Python package manager) by default. You can list installed packages as shown:

py -3 -m pip list

If you only have Python 3 installed (and not Python 2), the bare commands python and pip can generally be used to run Python and pip on any operating system. If this is allowed on your system you will get a version "3" string when you run -V with the bare commands, as shown:

python -V
pip -V

If Python 2 is installed then to use version 3 you should prefix commands with python3 and pip3 on Linux/macOS, and py -3 and py -3 -m pip on Windows:

# Linux/macOS
python3 -V
pip3 -V

# Windows
py -3 -V
py -3 -m pip list

The instructions below show the platform specific commands as they work on more systems.

After installing Python and pip you can install virtualenvwrapper (which includes virtualenv). You can check the official installation guide, or follow the instructions below.

Install the tool using pip3:

sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper

Then add the following lines to the end of your shell startup file (this is a hidden file name .bashrc in your home directory). These set the location where the virtual environments should live, the location of your development project directories, and the location of the script installed with this package:

export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs
export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3
export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_VIRTUALENV_ARGS=' -p /usr/bin/python3 '
export PROJECT_HOME=$HOME/Devel
source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

Then reload the startup file by running the following command in the terminal:

source ~/.bashrc

At this point you should see a bunch of scripts being run as shown below:

virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/ubuntu/.virtualenvs/premkproject
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/ubuntu/.virtualenvs/postmkproject
# …
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/ubuntu/.virtualenvs/preactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/ubuntu/.virtualenvs/postactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/ubuntu/.virtualenvs/get_env_details

Now you can create a new virtual environment with the mkvirtualenv command.

macOS virtual environment setup

Setting up virtualenvwrapper on macOS is almost exactly the same as on Ubuntu (again, you can follow the instructions from either the official installation guide or below).

Install virtualenvwrapper (and bundling virtualenv) using pip as shown.

sudo pip3 install virtualenvwrapper

Then add the following lines to the end of your shell startup file (these are the same lines as for Ubuntu). If you're using the zsh shell then the startup file will be a hidden file named .zshrc in your home directory. If you're using the bash shell then it will be a hidden file named .bash_profile. You may need to create the file if it does not yet exist.

export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs
export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3
export PROJECT_HOME=$HOME/Devel
source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs
export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin/python3
export PROJECT_HOME=$HOME/Devel
source /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

Then reload the startup file by making the following call in the terminal:

source ~/.bash_profile

At this point, you may see a bunch of scripts being run (the same scripts as for the Ubuntu installation). You should now be able to create a new virtual environment with the mkvirtualenv command.

cd ~  # Navigate to my home directory
ls -la #List the content of the directory. You should see .bash_profile
nano .bash_profile # Open the file in the nano text editor, within the terminal
# Scroll to the end of the file, and copy in the lines above
# Use Ctrl+X to exit nano, choose Y to save the file.

Windows virtual environment setup

Installing virtualenvwrapper-win is even simpler than setting up virtualenvwrapper because you don't need to configure where the tool stores virtual environment information (there is a default value). All you need to do is run the following command in the command prompt:

py -3 -m pip install virtualenvwrapper-win

Now you can create a new virtual environment with the mkvirtualenv command

Now you can create a new virtual environment with the mkvirtualenv command. As this command runs you'll see the environment being set up (what you see is slightly platform-specific). When the command completes the new virtual environment will be active — you can see this because the start of the prompt will be the name of the environment in parentheses (below we show this for Ubuntu, but the final line is similar for Windows/macOS).

mkvirtualenv my_django_environment

You should see output similar to the following:

Running virtualenv with interpreter /usr/bin/python3
# …
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /home/ubuntu/.virtualenvs/t_env7/bin/get_env_details
(my_django_environment) ubuntu@ubuntu:~$

Now you're inside the virtual environment you can install Django and start developing.

• deactivate — Exit out of the current Python virtual environment
• workon — List available virtual environments
• workon name_of_environment — Activate the specified Python virtual environment
• rmvirtualenv name_of_environment — Remove the specified environment.

# Linux/macOS
python3 -m pip install django~=4.2

# Windows
py -3 -m pip install django~=4.2

You can test that Django is installed by running the following command (this just tests that Python can find the Django module):

# Linux/macOS
python3 -m django --version

# Windows
py -3 -m django --version

py -m django --version

There are many different SCM tools, including git, Mercurial, Perforce, SVN (Subversion), CVS (Concurrent Versions System), etc., and cloud SCM hosting sources such as Bitbucket, GitHub, and GitLab. For this tutorial we'll hosting our code on GitHub, one of the most popular cloud based source code hosting services, and using the git tool to manage our source code locally and send it to GitHub when needed.

All work is done on a particular "branch" of code in your repo. When you want to backup some changes to a branch you can create a "commit", which stores all changes since your last commit to the current branch.

The repo is created with a default branch named "main". You can spawn other branches off this using git, which initially have all the commits of the original branch. You can evolve branches separately by adding commits, and then later on use a "Pull Request" (PR) on GitHub to merge changes from one branch to another. You can also use git to switch between branches on your local compute, for example to try out different things.

In addition to branches, it is possible to create tags on any branch and later recover that branch at that point.

The steps are:

1. Visit https://github.com/ and create an account.

2. Once you are logged in, click the + link in the top toolbar and select New repository.

3. Fill in all the fields on this form. While these are not compulsory, they are strongly recommended.

   • Enter a repository name: "django_local_library".

   • Enter a new repository description: "Local Library website written in Django".

   • Select "Public" for the repository (the default).

     Warning: This will make all source code visible. Remember not to store credentials or other sensitive material in your repo unless it is private.

   • Choose Python in the Add .gitignore selection list.

   • Choose your preferred license in the Add license selection list. MDN uses "Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal" for this example.

   • Check Initialize this repository with a README.

4. Press Create repository.

   The repository will be created, containing just the files README.txt and .gitignore.

1. On GitHub, click the green Code button. In the "Clone" section, select the "HTTPS" tab, and copy the URL. If you used the repository name "django_local_library", the URL should be something like: https://github.com/<your_git_user_id>/django_local_library.git.

2. Install git for your local computer (official Git download guide).

3. Open a command prompt/terminal and clone your repo using the URL you copied above:

   bash

   git clone https://github.com/<your_git_user_id>/django_local_library.git
   

   This will create the repository inside the current directory.

4. Navigate into the repo folder.

   bash

   cd django_local_library
   

1. In the command prompt/terminal we first "fetch" (get) and then pull (get and merge into the current branch) the latest version of the source from GitHub:

   Note: This step isn't strictly necessary as we have just cloned the source and know it is up to date. However in general you should update your sources from GitHub before making changes.

   bash

   git fetch origin main
   git pull origin main
   

   The "origin" is a remote, which represents the location of the repo where the source is located, and "main" is the branch. You can verify that origin is our repo on GitHub using the command: git remote -v.

2. Next we checkout a new branch to store our changes:

   bash

   git checkout -b update_gitignore
   

   The checkout command is used to switch some branch to be the current branch that you are working on. The -b flag indicates that we intend to create a new branch named "update_gitignore" instead of selecting an existing branch with that name.

3. Open the .gitignore file, copy the following lines into the bottom of it, and then save:

   # Text backup files
   *.bak
   
   # Database
   *.sqlite3
   

   Note that .gitignore is used to indicate files that should not be backed up by git automatically, such as temporary files and other build artifacts.

4. Use the add command to add all changed files (that aren't ignored by the .gitignore file) to the "staging area" for the current branch.

   bash

   git add -A
   

5. Use the status command to check that all files you are about to commit are correct (you want to include source files, not binaries, temporary files etc.). It should look a bit like the listing below.

   bash

   > git status
   On branch main
   Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/update_gitignore'.
   Changes to be committed:
     (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
   
           modified:   .gitignore
   

6. When you're satisfied, commit the files to your local repo, using the -m flag to specify a concise but clear commit message. This is equivalent to signing off on the changes and making them an official part of the local repo.

   bash

   git commit -m ".gitignore: add .bak and .sqlite3"
   

7. At this point, the remote repo has not been changed. We can push the update_gitignore branch to the "origin" repo (GitHub) using the following command:

   bash

   git push origin update_gitignore
   

8. Go back to the page on GitHub where you created your repo and refresh the page.

   A banner should appear with a button to press if you want to "Compare and pull request" the branch you just uploaded. Select the button and then follow the instructions to create and then merge a pull request.

   

   After merging, the "main" branch on the repo on GitHub will contain your changes to .gitignore.

9. You can continue to update your local repo as files change using this add/commit/push cycle.

In the next topic we'll use this repo to store our local library website source code.

Note that you should use a Django-aware linter such as pylint-django, because some common Python linters (such as pylint) incorrectly report errors in the standard files generated for Django.

mkdir django_test
cd django_test

You can then create a new skeleton site called "mytestsite" using the django-admin tool as shown. After creating the site you can navigate into the folder where you will find the main script for managing projects, called manage.py.

django-admin startproject mytestsite
cd mytestsite

We can run the development web server from within this folder using manage.py and the runserver command, as shown.

# Linux/macOS
python3 manage.py runserver

# Windows
py -3 manage.py runserver

Once the server is running you can view the site by navigating to the following URL on your local web browser: http://127.0.0.1:8000/. You should see a site that looks like this:

In the testing section you also briefly saw how we can create a new Django website using django-admin startproject, and run it in your browser using the development web server (python3 manage.py runserver). In the next article, we expand on this process, building a simple but complete web application.

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