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Romantic orientation

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Not to be confused with Romantic friendship.

Romantic orientation, also called affectional orientation, is the classification of the sex or gender which a person experiences romantic attraction towards or is likely to have a romantic relationship with. The term is used alongside the term "sexual orientation", as well as being used alternatively to it, based upon the perspective that sexual attraction is only a single component of a larger concept.[1]

For example, although a pansexual person may feel sexually attracted to people regardless of gender, the person may experience romantic attraction and intimacy, for example, with women only.

For asexual people, romantic orientation is often considered a more useful measure of attraction than sexual orientation.[2][3]

The relationship between sexual attraction and romantic attraction is still under debate.[4][5] Sexual and romantic attractions are often studied in conjunction. Even though studies of sexual and romantic spectrums are shedding light onto this under-researched subject, much is still not fully understood.[6]

Romantic identities

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Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, pansexuality, polysexuality, plurisexuality, allosexuality, and monosexuality.

People may or may not engage in purely emotional romantic relationships. The main identities relating to this are:[2][3][7][8]

  • Aromantic, meaning someone who experiences little to no romantic attraction (aromanticism).[9][10][11][12][13][14]
  • Alloromantic or zedromantic:[15][16] Not aromantic (alloromanticism or zedromanticism).[17][18][19]
    • Monoromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of only one gender (monoromanticism).[20][21][16]
      • Androromantic: Romantic attraction towards men or masculinity (androromanticism).[22][23][24]
      • Gyneromantic or gynoromantic: Romantic attraction towards women or femininity (gyneromanticism or gynoromanticism).[25][26][27]
      • Heteroromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of the opposite gender (heteroromanticism).[28]
      • Homoromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of the same gender (homoromanticism).
    • Multiromantic or pluriromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of multiple genders (multiromanticism or pluriromanticism).[29][30][31]
      • Biromantic or ambiromantic: Romantic attraction towards two genders, or person(s) of the same and other genders (biromanticism or ambiromanticism).[22][32] Sometimes used the same way as panromantic or multiromantic.[33][8][34][35]
      • Panromantic or omniromantic:[34] Romantic attraction towards person(s) regardless of gender or of any, every, and all genders (panromanticism or omniromanticism).[34][36][37]
      • Polyromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of various, but not all, genders (polyromanticism).[38]
    • Skolioromantic or ceteroromantic: Romantic attraction towards genderqueer or non-binary person(s) (skolioromanticism or ceteroromanticism).[32][39][16]
  • Abroromantic: Fluid between romantic identities or in romantic attraction (abroromanticism).[40][41] Not to be confused with aroflux.[42]
  • Pomoromantic: Rejecting preexisting romantic labels (pomoromanticism).[32][22]

Relationship with sexual orientation and asexuality

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Main article: Split attraction model
See also: Romantic attraction, Sexual orientation, and Sexual attraction

The implications of the distinction between romantic and sexual orientations have not been fully recognized, nor have they been studied extensively.[43] It is common for sources to describe sexual orientation as including components of both sexual and romantic (or romantic equivalent) attractions.[5][43] Publications investigating the relationship between sexual orientation and romantic orientation are limited. Challenges in collecting information result from survey participants having difficulty identifying or distinguishing between sexual and romantic attractions.[5][44][45] Asexual individuals experience little to no sexual attraction (see gray asexuality); however, they may still experience romantic attraction.[46][47] Lisa M. Diamond states that a person's romantic orientation can differ from whom the person is sexually attracted to.[4] While there is limited research on the discordance between sexual attraction and romantic attraction in individuals, the possibility of fluidity and diversity in attractions have been progressively recognized.[48][49] Researchers Bulmer and Izuma found that people who identify as aromantic often have more negative attitudes in relation to romance. While roughly 1% of the population identifies as asexual, 74% of those people reported having some form of romantic attraction.[35]

A concept commonly used by people that experience discordant romantic and sexual attraction is the split attraction model, which tries to explain that romantic and sexual attractions are not exclusively tied together and is often used by people of the asexual and aromantic community to explain their differing romantic versus sexual orientations. The abbreviation aroace (or aro-ace) can be used for someone who is both aromantic ('aro') and asexual ('ace').[50]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Crethar, H. C. & Vargas, L. A. (2007). Multicultural intricacies in professional counseling. In J. Gregoire & C. Jungers (Eds.), The counselor’s companion: What every beginning counselor needs to know. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. ISBN 0-8058-5684-6. p.61.
  2. ^ a b Richards, Christina; Barker, Meg (2013). Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  3. ^ a b Cerankowski, Karli June; Milks, Megan (2014). Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Diamond, Lisa M. (January 2003). "What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire". Psychological Review. 110 (1): 173–192. doi:12529061.
  5. ^ a b c Van Houdenhove, Ellen; Gijs, Luk; T'Sjoen, Guy; Enzlin, Paul (July 24, 2015). "Asexuality: A Multidimensional Approach". The Journal of Sex Research. 52 (6): 669–678. doi:35875780.
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  7. ^ Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  8. ^ a b Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
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  12. ^ Josh Salisbury. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
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  16. ^ a b c Dyer, Harriet (May 10, 2018). From Ace to Ze: The Little Book of LGBT Terms. Summersdale. ISBN 978-1-78685-696-8.
  17. ^ Barron, Victoria (February 21, 2023). Perfectly Queer: An Illustrated Introduction. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-83997-409-0.
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  21. ^ Matheson, Lauren P.; Blair, Karen L. (September 2023). "From continua to kaleidoscopes: How plurisexuality challenges traditional conceptualizations of sexual orientation". The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 32 (2): 151–163. doi:10.3138/cjhs.2023-0022.
  22. ^ a b c Decker, Julie Sondra (2015). The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5107-0064-2.[page needed]
  23. ^ Steelman, Sarah M.; Hertlein, Katherine M. (April 2, 2016). "Underexplored Identities: Attending to Asexuality in Therapeutic Contexts". Journal of Family Psychotherapy. 27 (2): 85–98. doi:10.1080/08975353.2016.1169014.
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  26. ^ Zamani-Gallaher, Eboni M.; Choudhuri, Devika Dibya; Taylor, Jason L. (September 20, 2019). Rethinking LGBTQIA Students and Collegiate Contexts: Identity, Policies, and Campus Climate. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-82426-5.
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  30. ^ Rucco, Daniele; Toffoli, Greta; Anzani, Annalisa; Prunas, Antonio (March 2024). "A Networked Model of Ecological Systems Theory to Discuss Concerns in Italian Bisexual+ and Transgender People After the Block of the 'Zan Bill' by Senate". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 21 (1): 313–338. doi:10.1007/s13178-023-00906-z.
  31. ^ Zhang, Yang Bo; Mishra, Shraddha; Liang, Emily; Wekerle, Christine (September 2023). "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Mental Health, and Resilience in 2SLGBTQIA + Persons: a Scoping Review". Adversity and Resilience Science. 4 (3): 211–233. doi:10.1007/s42844-023-00095-z.
  32. ^ a b c Ghosh Lisbin, Maya Katyajini (2023). A-Spec: Conceptualizing Asexual Identity, Experience, and Phenomenological Form (Thesis). doi:10.48617/etd.1077.
  33. ^ Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
  34. ^ a b c Hayfield, Nikki; Křížová, Karolína (April 3, 2021). 10.1080/15299716.2021.1911015.
  35. ^ a b Antonsen, Amy N.; Zdaniuk, Bozena; Yule, Morag; Brotto, Lori A. (July 2020). "Ace and Aro: Understanding Differences in Romantic Attractions Among Persons Identifying as Asexual". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (5): 1615–1630. doi:32095971.
  36. ^ Hille, Jessica J.; Simmons, Megan K.; Sanders, Stephanie A. (September 2020). "'Sex' and the Ace Spectrum: Definitions of Sex, Behavioral Histories, and Future Interest for Individuals Who Identify as Asexual, Graysexual, or Demisexual". The Journal of Sex Research. 57 (7): 813–823. doi:208623207.
  37. ^ Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  38. ^ Carrigan, Mark; Gupta, Kristina; Morrison, Todd G. (May 2013). "Asexuality special theme issue editorial". Psychology and Sexuality. 4 (2): 111–120. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.774160.
  39. ^ Chessin, Krista Ellise (2019). The sexual and romantic orientation scale: a measure of sexual and romantic orientation as separate dimensions (Thesis). hdl:10211.3/213654.
  40. ^ "The experiences of UK LGBT+ communities during the COVID-19 pandemic". National Centre for Social Research. February 22, 2024. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  41. ^ Rasheed, Ali (2020). 10292/13228.
  42. ^ Rendle, Samantha (July 21, 2023). Hopeless Aromantic: An Affirmative Guide to Aromanticism. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-83997-368-0.
  43. ^ a b Bogaert, Anthony F. (2012). Understanding Asexuality. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4422-0101-9.
  44. ^ Savin-Williams, Ritch C.; Vrangalova, Zhana (2013). "Mostly heterosexual as a distinct sexual orientation group: A systematic review of the empirical evidence". Developmental Review. 33 (1): 58–88. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2013.01.001.
  45. ^ Priebe, Gisela; Svedin, Carl Göran (2013). "Operationalization of Three Dimensions of Sexual Orientation in a National Survey of Late Adolescents". The Journal of Sex Research. 50 (8): 727–738. doi:27288714.
  46. ^ Helm KM (2015). Hooking Up: The Psychology of Sex and Dating. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 978-1610699518.
  47. ^ Fischer NL, Seidman S (2016). Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  48. ^ Lund, Emily M.; Thomas, Katie B.; Sias, Christina M.; Bradley, April R. (October 2016). "Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors". Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling. 10 (4): 211–226. doi:10.1080/15538605.2016.1233840.
  49. ^ Weinrich, James D.; Klein, Fritz; McCutchan, J. Allen; Grant, Igor (July 3, 2014). 25530727.
  50. ^ "aro-ace". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved September 11, 2024.

Further reading

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