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Thermometers

Developed during the 16th and 17th centuries, a thermometer (from the temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the scale on a mercury thermometer).

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Farenheit Scale

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). Within this scale, the freezing of United States, Belize.

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Celsius Scale

Celsius is a scale and Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature uncertainty. The unit was known until 1948 as "centigrade" from the Latin "centum" translated as 100 and "gradus" translated as "steps".

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From 1744 until 1954, 0 °C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 °C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one VSMOW (specially-purified water). This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible at which matter reaches minimum entropy, is defined as being precisely 0 K and −273.15 °C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as precisely 273.16 K and 0.01 °C.

This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the kelvin as precisely 1 part in 273.16 (approximately 0.00366) of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water. Thus, it sets the magnitude of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin as exactly the same. Additionally, it establishes the difference between the two scales' null points as being precisely 273.15 degrees Celsius (−273.15 °C = 0 K and 0 °C = 273.15 K).

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Rankine Scale

Rankine is a physicist Kelvin scale was first proposed in 1848.)

The symbol for degrees Rankine is R^{absolute zero, but the Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degreeCelsius used by the Kelvin scale. A temperature of −459.67 °F is exactly equal to 0 R.}

Some engineering fields in the National Institute of Standards and Technology does not recommend using degrees Rankine in NIST publications.

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