[print.fun]

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template<class. Args>
  void print(format_string<Args..> fmt, Args&&. args);

Effects: Equivalent to: print(stdout, fmt, std::forward<Args>(args).);

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template<class. Args>
  void print(FILE* stream, format_string<Args..> fmt, Args&&. args);

Effects: Let locksafe be (enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<remove_cvref_t<Args>> && ..).

If the ordinary literal encoding ([lex.charset]) is UTF-8, equivalent to: locksafe ? vprint_unicode(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args..) : vprint_unicode_buffered(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args..);

Otherwise, equivalent to: locksafe ? vprint_nonunicode(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args..) : vprint_nonunicode_buffered(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args..);

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template<class. Args>
  void println(format_string<Args..> fmt, Args&&. args);

Effects: Equivalent to: println(stdout, fmt, std::forward<Args>(args).);

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void println();

Effects: Equivalent to: println(stdout);

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template<class. Args>
  void println(FILE* stream, format_string<Args..> fmt, Args&&. args);

Effects: Equivalent to: print(stream, runtime_format(string(fmt.get() + '\n'), std::forward<Args>(args).);

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void println(FILE* stream);

Effects: Equivalent to: print(stream, "\n");

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void vprint_unicode(string_view fmt, format_args args);

Effects: Equivalent to: vprint_unicode(stdout, fmt, args);

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void vprint_unicode_buffered(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);

Effects: Equivalent to: string out = vformat(fmt, args); vprint_unicode(stream, "{}", make_format_args(out));

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void vprint_unicode(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);

Effects: Locks stream.

Let out denote the character representation of formatting arguments provided by args formatted according to specifications given in fmt.

(10.1)
If stream refers to a terminal that is capable of displaying Unicode only via a native Unicode API, flushes stream and then writes out to the terminal using the native Unicode API; if out contains invalid code units, the behavior is undefined.

Then establishes an observable checkpoint ([intro.abstract]).
(10.2)
Otherwise writes out to stream unchanged.

Unconditionally unlocks stream on function exit.

See also: ISO/IEC 9899:2024, 7.23.2.

[Note 1:

On Windows the native Unicode API is WriteConsoleW and stream referring to a terminal means that GetConsoleMode(_get_osfhandle(_fileno(stream)), ..) returns nonzero.

— end note]

Recommended practice: If invoking the native Unicode API requires transcoding, implementations should substitute invalid code units with U+fffd replacement character per the Unicode Standard, Chapter 3.9 U+fffd Substitution in Conversion.

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void vprint_nonunicode(string_view fmt, format_args args);

Effects: Equivalent to: vprint_nonunicode(stdout, fmt, args);

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void vprint_nonunicode_buffered(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);

Effects: Equivalent to: string out = vformat(fmt, args); vprint_nonunicode("{}", make_format_args(out));

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void vprint_nonunicode(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);

Effects: While holding the lock on stream, writes the character representation of formatting arguments provided by args formatted according to specifications given in fmt to stream.

Throws: Any exception thrown by the call to vformat ([format.err.report]).

system_error if writing to stream fails.

May throw bad_alloc.

31 Input/output library [input.output]

31.7 Formatting and manipulators [iostream.format]

31.7.10 Print functions [print.fun]