美國保守主義

美國保守主義（英語：Conservatism in the United States）是美國重要的政治哲学、社会哲学，其特徵包括尊重美國傳統、支持共和主义（英语：List of American conservatives）在政治中占有一席之地，两大党之一的共和党的主流意识形态亦为保守主义^[1]^[2]^[3]。

在社会议题上，美国保守派一般支持基督教价值观（英语：United States anti-abortion movement）和反對同性婚姻^[9]。在经济议题上，美国保守派一般亲资本^[10]、亲商业、反工会。在国家议题上，美国保守派一般支持强化國家安全、支持持枪权和自由貿易^[11]，保護西方文化免受共产主义^[12]和道德相对主义^[13]的威胁。相较温和派和自由派而言，保守派不太信任科学，尤其不信任医学、气候学和演化，而倾向于相信創造論^[14]^[15]^[16]。

歷史學家認為1790年代以來，保守主義傳統在美國政治和文化中扮演重要作用。然而有組織的保守主義運動在政治中扮演關鍵作用則是1950年代之後的事情^[17]^[18]^[19]。

概述

美国保守主义史中包含着许多冲突和彼此间竞争的意识形态。財政保守主義者和自由意志保守主義者拥护资本主义、个人主义、小政府和自由放任，因此支持减税、自由市場、去监管化（英语：government spending）和政府债务^[20]^[21]。

社会保守主义者（英语：Transgender rights in the United States）^[22]^[23]^[24]^[9]^[25]

新保守主義者想要将他们心目中的美国理念扩展到全世界^[26]，旧保守主义者则支持限制移民、不干预政策，反多元文化（英语：opposition to multiculturalism）^[27]。除一些自由意志保守主义者外，大多数保守主义者支持单边外交政策，以及维持一支强大的军队。包括自由意志保守主义者在内，大多数保守主义者支持持枪权，并援引美國憲法第二修正案为论据。20世纪50年代以来的保守主义运动试图将这些不同的派别聚集在一起，强调保守主义者需要团结起来，阻止“无神共产主义”蔓延^[28]。

美国保守主义者一般认为在保守主义价值观内的个人自由是民主的基石^[29]^[30]，他们通常认为联邦政府的权利和各州的权利之间应存在某种平衡。除了一些右派自由意志主義之外，美国保守主义者倾向于在他们认为属于政府合法管辖范围的领域采取强有力的行动，特别是国防和执法方面。包含许多宗教人士在内的美国社会保守主义者们（英语：School prayer in the United States）和政府资助私立教会学校^[31]^[32]^[6]^[33]。

參考資料

^ Gramlich, John. 原始内容存档于2022-07-04）.
^ 原始内容存档于2022-06-29）.
^ Bivins, Jason C. 原始内容存档于2022-07-01）.
^ Joel D. Aberbach; Gillian Peele. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush. Oxford UP. 2011: 260. ISBN 9780199830268.
^ Farmer, Brian. 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes. [传统的保守派信仰道德绝对论，而且他们可以非常明确且肯定地确定存在绝对的道德。]
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Clyde Wilcox. 原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.
^ Langdale, John. 4. ISBN 9780826272850.
^ Lipsman, Ron. 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition... [美国的保守主义系统包含着个人主义、自由市场、市场竞争和尊重传统……]
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Cal Jillson. 原始内容存档于2020-06-14）. Social conservatives focus on moral or values issues, such as abortion, marriage, school prayer, and judicial appointments. [社会保守派关注道德问题和价值观问题，如堕胎、婚姻、学校内的祷告活动和司法任命等。]
^ Comparative Studies in Society and History. Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr. 1987), p. 245. Cambridge University Press.
^ Baldwin, Robert. 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles. [保守主义通常持亲商业、反工人及支持强化国家安全的立场，所有这些都导向支持自由贸易原则。]
^ Critchlow, Donald. 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities. [保守派对共产主义的恐惧是大多数美国人所共有的。这一时期的美国出现了一种流行的反共文化，在电影、电视节目、社区活动和基层组织中都有体现。这种流行的反共文化产生了爱国集会、游行、城市决议，以及一系列关注共产主义在学校、教科书、教堂、工会、工业和大学中产生的影响的反共团体。]
^ Pilbeam, Bruce. 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism—the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives. [对大多数保守派来说，如果有什么能解释一切社会混乱的根源，那一定指的是相对主义——没有绝对价值或标准，只有不同解释和观点的思想。]
^ "The Reason Why Some Republicans Mistrust Science: Their Leaders Tell Them To", Naomi Oreskes, Scientific American, 2021-06, 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Hofer, Barbara; Sinatra, Gale. 存档于2022-10-16）.
^ Jones, Jeffrey. 原始内容存档于2022-06-29）.
^ Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History, p. "before the 1950s there was no such thing as a conservative movement in the United States.", Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-16418-3
^ Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot (1953) traced a continuous tradition since the 1790s.
^ Nicol C. Rae. 存档于2020-06-26）.
^ Hudelson, Richard. 原始内容存档于2022-06-30） –通过Google Books.
^ M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129.
^ Safire, William. 原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.
^ 原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-11）.
^ Glenn Utter and Robert J. Spitzer, Encyclopedia of Gun Control & Gun Rights (2nd ed. 2011)
^ John Anderson; University of North Carolina John Anderson. 原始内容存档于2021-02-01）.
Kenneth M. Cosgrove. 原始内容存档于2020-06-14）.
^ Bruce Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) pp. ix–xiv
^ Michael Foley. 原始内容存档于2020-07-29）. Against accusations of being pre-modern or even anti-modern in outlook, paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programmes, the decentralization of the federal polity, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and isolationism in the conduct of American foreign policy, and a generally revanchist outlook upon a social order in need of recovering old lines of distinction and in particular the assignment of roles in accordance with traditional categories of gender, ethnicity, and race.
^ Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12.
^ Gregory L. Schneider, 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free-market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom." (2009) pp. 4–9, 136
^ Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044.
^ Busch, Andrew E. Social Conservatives and Economic Conservatives [社会保守主义者和经济保守主义者]. Society. 2011-12-01, 49 (1): 13–23. .

^ Lasser, William. 原始内容存档于2021-01-13）.
^ Glenn H. Utter; James L. True. 原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.

外部連結

页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Heritage Foundation.
"Conservative Predominance in the U.S.: A Moment or an Era?", 21 experts from the U.S. and abroad, ponder the future of conservatism.
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Conservatism at the University of Virginia.
"Comparative Decades: Conservatism in the 1920s and 1980s" Lesson plans
Mark Riebling, "Prospectus for a Critique of Conservative Reason."
Paul Gottfried, "How Russell Kirk (And The Right) Went Wrong"
A History of Conservative Movements – slideshow by Newsweek
页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Kevin M. Kruse for Politico. April 16, 2015.

[Gramlich_2020-1] Gramlich, John. 原始内容存档于2022-07-04）.

[The_American_Historian-2] 原始内容存档于2022-06-29）.

[Bivins_2018-3] Bivins, Jason C. 原始内容存档于2022-07-01）.

[Oxford_UP-4] Joel D. Aberbach; Gillian Peele. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush. Oxford UP. 2011: 260. ISBN 9780199830268.

[5] Farmer, Brian. 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes. [传统的保守派信仰道德绝对论，而且他们可以非常明确且肯定地确定存在绝对的道德。]

[wilcox-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Clyde Wilcox. 原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.

[7] Langdale, John. 4. ISBN 9780826272850.

[:1-8] Lipsman, Ron. 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition... [美国的保守主义系统包含着个人主义、自由市场、市场竞争和尊重传统……]

[jillson-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Cal Jillson. 原始内容存档于2020-06-14）. Social conservatives focus on moral or values issues, such as abortion, marriage, school prayer, and judicial appointments. [社会保守派关注道德问题和价值观问题，如堕胎、婚姻、学校内的祷告活动和司法任命等。]

[10] Comparative Studies in Society and History. Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr. 1987), p. 245. Cambridge University Press.

[:0-11] Baldwin, Robert. 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles. [保守主义通常持亲商业、反工人及支持强化国家安全的立场，所有这些都导向支持自由贸易原则。]

[12] Critchlow, Donald. 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities. [保守派对共产主义的恐惧是大多数美国人所共有的。这一时期的美国出现了一种流行的反共文化，在电影、电视节目、社区活动和基层组织中都有体现。这种流行的反共文化产生了爱国集会、游行、城市决议，以及一系列关注共产主义在学校、教科书、教堂、工会、工业和大学中产生的影响的反共团体。]

[13] Pilbeam, Bruce. 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism—the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives. [对大多数保守派来说，如果有什么能解释一切社会混乱的根源，那一定指的是相对主义——没有绝对价值或标准，只有不同解释和观点的思想。]

[14] "The Reason Why Some Republicans Mistrust Science: Their Leaders Tell Them To", Naomi Oreskes, Scientific American, 2021-06, 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[15] Hofer, Barbara; Sinatra, Gale. 存档于2022-10-16）.

[16] Jones, Jeffrey. 原始内容存档于2022-06-29）.

[Patrick_Allitt_2009-17] Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History, p. "before the 1950s there was no such thing as a conservative movement in the United States.", Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-16418-3

[Kirk,_Russell_1953-18] Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot (1953) traced a continuous tradition since the 1790s.

[Nicol_C._Rae_1994_66-19] Nicol C. Rae. 存档于2020-06-26）.

[google.com-20] Hudelson, Richard. 原始内容存档于2022-06-30） –通过Google Books.

[dickerson-21] M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129.

[22] Safire, William. 原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.

[23] 原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-11）.

[24] Glenn Utter and Robert J. Spitzer, Encyclopedia of Gun Control & Gun Rights (2nd ed. 2011)

[25] John Anderson; University of North Carolina John Anderson. 原始内容存档于2021-02-01）.
Kenneth M. Cosgrove. 原始内容存档于2020-06-14）.

[26] Bruce Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) pp. ix–xiv

[Paleoconservative2-27] Michael Foley. 原始内容存档于2020-07-29）. Against accusations of being pre-modern or even anti-modern in outlook, paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programmes, the decentralization of the federal polity, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and isolationism in the conduct of American foreign policy, and a generally revanchist outlook upon a social order in need of recovering old lines of distinction and in particular the assignment of roles in accordance with traditional categories of gender, ethnicity, and race.

[28] Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12.

[29] Gregory L. Schneider, 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free-market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom." (2009) pp. 4–9, 136

[30] Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044.

[31] Busch, Andrew E. Social Conservatives and Economic Conservatives [社会保守主义者和经济保守主义者]. Society. 2011-12-01, 49 (1): 13–23. .

[32] Lasser, William. 原始内容存档于2021-01-13）.

[utter-33] Glenn H. Utter; James L. True. 原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.

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概述

相关条目

參考資料

外部連結