Array.prototype.map() - JavaScript

Try it

const array1 = [1, 4, 9, 16];

/ Pass a function to map
const map1 = array1.map((x) => x * 2);

console.log(map1);
/ Expected output: Array [2, 8, 18, 32]

Syntax

map(callbackFn)
map(callbackFn, thisArg)

Parameters

callbackFn

A function to execute for each element in the array. Its return value is added as a single element in the new array. The function is called with the following arguments:

element: The current element being processed in the array.
index: The index of the current element being processed in the array.
array: The array map() was called upon.

thisArg Optional

A value to use as this when executing callbackFn. See iterative methods.

Return value

A new array with each element being the result of the callback function.

Description

The map() method is an iterative methods section for more information about how these methods work in general.

callbackFn is invoked only for array indexes which have assigned values. It is not invoked for empty slots in sparse arrays.

The map() method is generic. It only expects the this value to have a length property and integer-keyed properties.

Since map builds a new array, calling it without using the returned array is an anti-pattern; use for...of instead.

Examples

Mapping an array of numbers to an array of square roots

The following code takes an array of numbers and creates a new array containing the square roots of the numbers in the first array.

const numbers = [1, 4, 9];
const roots = numbers.map((num) => Math.sqrt(num));

/ roots is now     [1, 2, 3]
/ numbers is still [1, 4, 9]

Using map to reformat objects in an array

The following code takes an array of objects and creates a new array containing the newly reformatted objects.

const kvArray = [
  { key: 1, value: 10 },
  { key: 2, value: 20 },
  { key: 3, value: 30 },
];

const reformattedArray = kvArray.map(({ key, value }) => ({ [key]: value }));

console.log(reformattedArray); / [{ 1: 10 }, { 2: 20 }, { 3: 30 }]
console.log(kvArray);
/ [
/   { key: 1, value: 10 },
/   { key: 2, value: 20 },
/   { key: 3, value: 30 }
/ ]

It is common to use the callback with one argument (the element being traversed). Certain functions are also commonly used with one argument, even though they take additional optional arguments. These habits may lead to confusing behaviors. Consider:

["1", "2", "3"].map(parseInt);

While one might expect [1, 2, 3], the actual result is [1, NaN, NaN].

parseInt — but not the second one! This is the source of possible confusion.

Here is a concise example of the iteration steps:

/* first iteration  (index is 0): */ parseInt("1", 0); / 1
/* second iteration (index is 1): */ parseInt("2", 1); / NaN
/* third iteration  (index is 2): */ parseInt("3", 2); / NaN

To solve this, define another function that only takes one argument:

["1", "2", "3"].map((str) => parseInt(str, 10)); / [1, 2, 3]

You can also use the Number function, which only takes one argument:

["1", "2", "3"].map(Number); / [1, 2, 3]

/ But unlike parseInt(), Number() will also return a float or (resolved) exponential notation:
["1.1", "2.2e2", "3e300"].map(Number); / [1.1, 220, 3e+300]

/ For comparison, if we use parseInt() on the array above:
["1.1", "2.2e2", "3e300"].map((str) => parseInt(str, 10)); / [1, 2, 3]

See A JavaScript optional argument hazard by Allen Wirfs-Brock for more discussions.

Mapped array contains undefined

When flatMap() method and return an empty array to signify deletion.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];
const filteredNumbers = numbers.map((num, index) => {
  if (index < 3) {
    return num;
  }
});

/ index goes from 0, so the filterNumbers are 1,2,3 and undefined.
/ filteredNumbers is [1, 2, 3, undefined]
/ numbers is still [1, 2, 3, 4]

Side-effectful mapping

The callback can have side effects.

const cart = [5, 15, 25];
let total = 0;
const withTax = cart.map((cost) => {
  total += cost;
  return cost * 1.2;
});
console.log(withTax); / [6, 18, 30]
console.log(total); / 45

This is not recommended, because copying methods are best used with pure functions. In this case, we can choose to iterate the array twice.

const cart = [5, 15, 25];
const total = cart.reduce((acc, cost) => acc + cost, 0);
const withTax = cart.map((cost) => cost * 1.2);

Sometimes this pattern goes to its extreme and the only useful thing that map() does is causing side effects.

const products = [
  { name: "sports car" },
  { name: "laptop" },
  { name: "phone" },
];

products.map((product) => {
  product.price = 100;
});

As mentioned previously, this is an anti-pattern. If you don't use the return value of map(), use forEach() or a for...of loop instead.

products.forEach((product) => {
  product.price = 100;
});

Or, if you want to create a new array instead:

const productsWithPrice = products.map((product) => ({
  ...product,
  price: 100,
}));

Using the third argument of callbackFn

The array argument is useful if you want to access another element in the array, especially when you don't have an existing variable that refers to the array. The following example first uses filter() to extract the positive values and then uses map() to create a new array where each element is the average of its neighbors and itself.

const numbers = [3, -1, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6];
const averaged = numbers
  .filter((num) => num > 0)
  .map((num, idx, arr) => {
    / Without the arr argument, there's no way to easily access the
    / intermediate array without saving it to a variable.
    const prev = arr[idx - 1];
    const next = arr[idx + 1];
    let count = 1;
    let total = num;
    if (prev !== undefined) {
      count++;
      total += prev;
    }
    if (next !== undefined) {
      count++;
      total += next;
    }
    const average = total / count;
    / Keep two decimal places
    return Math.round(average * 100) / 100;
  });
console.log(averaged); / [2, 2.67, 2, 3.33, 5, 5.33, 5.67, 4]

The array argument is not the array that is being built — there is no way to access the array being built from the callback function.

Using map() on sparse arrays

A sparse array remains sparse after map(). The indices of empty slots are still empty in the returned array, and the callback function won't be called on them.

console.log(
  [1, , 3].map((x, index) => {
    console.log(`Visit ${index}`);
    return x * 2;
  }),
);
/ Visit 0
/ Visit 2
/ [2, empty, 6]

Calling map() on non-array objects

The map() method reads the length property of this and then accesses each property whose key is a nonnegative integer less than length.

const arrayLike = {
  length: 3,
  0: 2,
  1: 3,
  2: 4,
  3: 5, / ignored by map() since length is 3
};
console.log(Array.prototype.map.call(arrayLike, (x) => x ** 2));
/ [ 4, 9, 16 ]

This example shows how to iterate through a collection of objects collected by querySelectorAll. This is because querySelectorAll returns a NodeList (which is a collection of objects). In this case, we return all the selected options' values on the screen:

const elems = document.querySelectorAll("select option:checked");
const values = Array.prototype.map.call(elems, ({ value }) => value);

You can also use Array.from() to transform elems to an array, and then access the map() method.

Specifications

Specification
ECMAScript® 2026 Language Specification # sec-array.prototype.map