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有

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 肴, 右, and 🈶
有 有
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 月
[U+6708] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 朊 →
[U+670A]
㊒ ㊒
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH HAVE
← ㊑
[U+3291] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊓ →
[U+3293]
Text style Emoji style
🈶︎ 🈶️
Text style is forced with ⟨︎⟩ and emoji style with ⟨️⟩.
🈶 🈶
SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 🈵
[U+1F235] 		Enclosed Ideographic Supplement 🈷 →
[U+1F237]

Translingual

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Stroke order (Japan)
6 strokes
Stroke order
(Chinese)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Han character

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有 (Kangxi radical 74, 月+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大月 (KB), four-corner 40227, composition ⿸𠂇月)

Derived characters

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Usage notes

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Despite the technically-correct radical being ⺼ (“meat”) as described in this entry’s glyph origin section, 有 is associated with the radical 月 (“moon”) in dictionaries for historical reasons and is likewise written as if it contained the 月 radical, i.e. it has 二 instead of 冫 inside of 冂.

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 504, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14332
  • Dae Jaweon: page 880, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2041, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6709

Chinese

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trad. 有
simp. # 有
alternative forms 𠂇
𢇔
𪠥

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 有
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
絠 *kɯːʔ
醢 *qʰɯːʔ
珛 *qʰʷɯs
栯 *ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有 *ɢʷɯʔ
友 *ɢʷɯʔ
右 *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥 *ɢʷɯs
囿 *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑 *ɢʷɯs
酭 *ɢʷɯs
姷 *ɢʷɯs
又 *ɢʷɯs
佑 *ɢʷɯs
祐 *ɢʷɯs
賄 *qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕 *qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠 *ɡʷɯː
倄 *ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪 *ɢʷɯʔ
洧 *ɢʷɯʔ
痏 *ɢʷɯʔ
郁 *qʷɯ
戫 *qʷɯ
哊 *ɡʷɯ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs).

Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic.

Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse.

Etymology

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Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to:

  • 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”]
  • 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial]
  • 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite]

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • ô - vernacular;
  • īu - literary.
Note:
  • u5 - vernacular;
  • uh6 - glottalized vernacular;
  • iu3 - literary.
Note:
  • ū/ǔ - vernacular;
  • iú - literary.
Note: iu2 - prefix.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: u6 / yiu7
      • Sinological IPA: /u³³/, /ziu⁵⁵/
Note:
  • u6 - vernacular;
  • yiu7 - literary.
Rime
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 云久切
Baxter hjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦiuX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦuwX/
Li
Rong 		/ɣiuX/
Wang
Li 		/ɣĭəuX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/i̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yǒu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jau5
Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yǒu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hjuwX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷəʔ/
English have, exist

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
No. 15595
Phonetic
component 		又
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		有
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷɯʔ/

Definitions

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有

  1. to have; to possess (when a subject is present)
    我有兩輛車。／我有两辆车。  ―  Wǒ yǒu liǎng liàng chē.  ―  I have two cars.
    大象有著長長的鼻子。 [simp.]
    Dàxiàng yǒuzhe chángcháng de bízi. [Pinyin]
    Elephants have long trunks.
  2. there is; to exist (when a subject is absent)
    有很多人。  ―  Yǒu hěn duō rén.  ―  There are a lot of people.
    這兒有書嗎？／这儿有书吗？  ―  Zhèr yǒu shū ma?  ―  Are there any books here?
    這裡有著清新的空氣。 [simp.]
    Zhèlǐ yǒuzhe qīngxīn de kōngqì. [Pinyin]
    There is fresh air here.
    「陳小明同學！」「有！」 [simp.]
    “Chén Xiǎomíng tóngxué!” “Yǒu!” [Pinyin]
    "Is John Doe here?" "Present!" (scene of taking roll at a classroom)
  3. (euphemistic) to be pregnant with a child
  4. abundant; affluent
  5. many; much; (of time) long; (of age) old
  6. some (indefinite pronoun)
  7. (literary or dialectal) Placed before a verb to emphasize that the action has been done.
    古語有云／古语有云 [Classical Chinese]  ―  gǔyǔ yǒu yún [Pinyin]  ―  as the saying goes (literally, “the old saying has said”)
    伊拄才有出來。 [simp.]
    I tú-chiah ū chhut-lâi. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    He did come just now.
    我有去過海洋公園。 [simp.]
    ngo5 jau5 heoi3 gwo3 hoi2 joeng4 gung1 jyun4-2. [Jyutping]
    I have been to Ocean Park.
    我有看見過他。／我有看见过他。  ―  Wǒ yǒu kànjiàn guò tā.  ―  I have seen him.
  8. a surname
    有子  ―  Yǒuzǐ  ―  Philosopher You
  9. A meaningless prefix.
    有夏  ―  yǒuxià  ―  China
  10. (Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment or accomplishability of a goal.
    聽有／听有 [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to understand (when listening); to be able to hear
    揣有 [Peng'im]  ―  to be able to find
Usage notes
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  • In Mandarin, 有 is the only verb not negated with 不 (bù). It is negated with 沒／没 (méi).
    我沒有錢／我没有钱  ―  wǒ méiyǒu qián  ―  I don't have any money
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (to exist):
  • (particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment):
Dialectal synonyms of 得到 (“can (particle)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 得到
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 得到
Malaysia 得到
Singapore 得到
Cantonese Guangzhou 得到
Hong Kong 得到
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 得到
Penang (Guangfu) 得到
Singapore (Guangfu) 得到
Southern Min Xiamen 有
Taipei 有 GT
Penang (Hokkien) 有
Singapore (Hokkien) 有
Manila (Hokkien) 有
Jieyang 有
Singapore (Teochew) 有
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Antonyms

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  • (antonym(s) of “to have”): 沒／没 (méi), 無／无 (wú)

Descendants

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  • → English: got (Singapore English) (semantic loan)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (有):

Pronunciation 2

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Definitions

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有

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “again”)
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “and; with a remainder of (when dividing an integer by ten)”)
    • c. 475 - 221 BCE, Disciples of Analects of Confucius]:
      吾十有五而志於學，三十而立。 [simp.]
      Wú shí yòu wǔ ér zhì yú xué, sānshí ér lì. [Pinyin]
      When I was 10 and 5 years (15 years old), I devoted myself to study. At the age of 30, I established myself (got a job and started a family).
    • 227, [1]:
      後值傾覆，受任於敗軍之際，奉命於危難之間，爾來二十有一年矣。 [simp.]
      Hòu zhí qīngfù, shòurèn yú bàijūn zhī jì, fèngmìng yú wēinán zhī jiān, ěrlái èrshí yòu yī nián yǐ. [Pinyin]
      Later a defeat occurred, and I was appointed during this defeat, and received orders at this dangerous time. Since then, it has been one-and-twenty years.

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. have; possess; own
  2. to exist; to bring into existence
  3. keep; maintain
  4. happen; occur

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
有
ゆう
Grade: 3
kan'on

From MC hjuwH).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Affix

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有(ゆう) • (yū) ←いう (iu)?

  1. exist
  2. have; possess; own
  3. (between numbers) and; with a remainder of
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Noun

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有(ゆう) • (yū) ←いう (iu)?

  1. existence
  2. possession
  3. (Buddhism) Synonym of 有 (u)
  4. Short for 有限会社 (yūgengaisha, “limited company”).

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
有
う
Grade: 3
goon

From MC hjuwX).

The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Affix

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有(う) • (u) 

  1. exist
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Noun

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有(う) • (u) 

  1. (Buddhism) bhava (becoming, existence)​

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
有
なお
Grade: 3
nanori

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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有(なお) • (Nao) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
有
あ
Grade: 3
nanori
For pronunciation and definitions of 有 – see the following entry.
【あ】
[verb] (Classical Japanese) to be, to exist
Alternative spelling
在
(This term, 有, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
有
あ(り)
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 有 – see the following entry.
【有あり】
[noun] nominalization of 有る (aru): there is, available
[noun] (colloquial) OK, acceptable
[verb] stem or continuative conjugation of 有る (aru)
[verb] Classical Japanese form of 有る (aru): to be, to exist
Alternative spellings
在り, 在
(This term, 有, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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有 (eumhun 있을 유 (isseul yu))

  1. hanja form? of 유 (“to possess; to have; to exist”)

Kunigami

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Kanji

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有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Miyako

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Kanji

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有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Okinawan

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Kanji

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有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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有: Hán Việt readings: hữu[1][2][3]
有: Nôm readings: hữu[1][3][4][5], hỡi[2][6], hơi[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of hữu (“to have; to own”).

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Trần (2004).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bonet (1899).
  4. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  5. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  6. ^ Hồ (1976).

Yaeyama

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Kanji

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有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Yonaguni

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Kanji

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有

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

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