C++ identifier with special meaning: module (since C++20)

 

C++

Compiler support

Freestanding and hosted

Language

Standard library

Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Diagnostics library

Memory management library

Metaprogramming library (C++11)

General utilities library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Strings library

Text processing library

Numerics library

Date and time library

Input/output library

Filesystem library (C++17)

Concurrency support library (C++11)

Execution control library (C++26)

Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

C++ language

General topics
Preprocessor Comments	Keywords Escape sequences
Flow control
Conditional execution statements
if	switch
Iteration statements (loops)
for range-for (C++11)	while do-while
Jump statements
continue - break	goto - return
Functions
Function declaration
Lambda function expression
inline specifier
Dynamic exception specifications (until C++17*)
noexcept specifier (C++11)
Exceptions
throw-expression try block	catch handler
Namespaces
Namespace declaration	Namespace aliases
Types
Fundamental types Enumeration types Function types	Class/struct types Union types
Specifiers
const/volatile decltype (C++11) auto (C++11)	constexpr (C++11) consteval (C++20) constinit (C++20)
Storage duration specifiers
Initialization
Default-initialization Value-initialization Zero-initialization Copy-initialization Direct-initialization	Aggregate initialization List-initialization (C++11)   Constant initialization Reference initialization

Expressions
Value categories Order of evaluation	Operators Operator precedence
Alternative representations
Literals
Boolean - Integer - Floating-point
Character - String - nullptr (C++11)
User-defined (C++11)
Utilities
Attributes (C++11)
Types
typedef declaration
Type alias declaration (C++11)
Casts
Implicit conversions static_cast const_cast	Explicit conversions dynamic_cast reinterpret_cast
Memory allocation
new expression	delete expression
Classes
Class declaration Constructors this pointer	Access specifiers friend specifier
Class-specific function properties
Virtual function override specifier (C++11)   final specifier (C++11)	explicit (C++11) static
Special member functions
Default constructor Copy constructor Move constructor (C++11)	Copy assignment Move assignment (C++11) Destructor
Templates
Class template Function template	Template specialization Parameter packs (C++11)
Miscellaneous
Inline assembly	History of C++

 

Keywords

alignas (C++11) alignof (C++11) and and_eq asm auto (*) bitand bitor bool break case catch char char8_t (C++20) char16_t (C++11) char32_t (C++11) class compl concept (C++20) const consteval (C++20) constexpr (C++11) constinit (C++20) const_cast continue contract_assert (C++26)   co_await (C++20) co_return (C++20) co_yield (C++20) decltype (C++11) default	delete do double dynamic_cast else enum explicit export extern false float for friend goto if inline int long mutable namespace new noexcept (C++11)   not not_eq nullptr (C++11) operator or or_eq private protected public	register reinterpret_cast requires (C++20) return short signed sizeof (*) static static_assert (C++11) static_cast struct switch template this thread_local (C++11) throw true try typedef typeid typename union unsigned using virtual void volatile wchar_t while xor xor_eq
Identifiers with special meaning
final (C++11) import (C++20) module (C++20)	override (C++11) post (C++26) pre (C++26)	replaceable_if_eligible (C++26) trivially_relocatable_if_eligible (C++26)

 

Usage

• module declaration: declares that the current translation unit is a module unit
• Starts a global module fragment of a module unit
• Starts a private module fragment of a module unit

Notes

Feature-test macro	Value	Std	Feature
__cpp_modules	201907L	(C++20)	Modules — core language support

Example

module;            / starts a global module fragment
 
#include <string>
 
export module foo; / ends a global module fragment
                   / declares the primary module interface unit for named module 'foo'
                   / starts a module unit purview
 
export std::string f();
 
module : private;  / ends the portion of the module interface unit that
                   / can affect the behavior of other translation units
                   / starts a private module fragment
 
std::string f()
{
    return "foo";
}

See also

• import, export
• private

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