class property specifiers (since C++26)

 

C++

Compiler support

Freestanding and hosted

Language

Standard library

Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Diagnostics library

Memory management library

Metaprogramming library (C++11)

General utilities library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Strings library

Text processing library

Numerics library

Date and time library

Input/output library

Filesystem library (C++17)

Concurrency support library (C++11)

Execution control library (C++26)

Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

C++ language

General topics
Preprocessor Comments	Keywords Escape sequences
Flow control
Conditional execution statements
if	switch
Iteration statements (loops)
for range-for (C++11)	while do-while
Jump statements
continue - break	goto - return
Functions
Function declaration
Lambda function expression
inline specifier
Dynamic exception specifications (until C++17*)
noexcept specifier (C++11)
Exceptions
throw-expression try block	catch handler
Namespaces
Namespace declaration	Namespace aliases
Types
Fundamental types Enumeration types Function types	Class/struct types Union types
Specifiers
const/volatile decltype (C++11) auto (C++11)	constexpr (C++11) consteval (C++20) constinit (C++20)
Storage duration specifiers
Initialization
Default-initialization Value-initialization Zero-initialization Copy-initialization Direct-initialization	Aggregate initialization List-initialization (C++11)   Constant initialization Reference initialization

Expressions
Value categories Order of evaluation	Operators Operator precedence
Alternative representations
Literals
Boolean - Integer - Floating-point
Character - String - nullptr (C++11)
User-defined (C++11)
Utilities
Attributes (C++11)
Types
typedef declaration
Type alias declaration (C++11)
Casts
Implicit conversions static_cast const_cast	Explicit conversions dynamic_cast reinterpret_cast
Memory allocation
new expression	delete expression
Classes
Class declaration Constructors this pointer	Access specifiers friend specifier
Class-specific function properties
Virtual function override specifier (C++11)   final specifier (C++11)	explicit (C++11) static
Special member functions
Default constructor Copy constructor Move constructor (C++11)	Copy assignment Move assignment (C++11) Destructor
Templates
Class template Function template	Template specialization Parameter packs (C++11)
Miscellaneous
Inline assembly	History of C++

 

Classes

General

Overview

class/struct types

union types

Injected-class-name

Class property specifiers (C++26)

Members

Data members

Static members

The this pointer

Nested classes

Member templates

Bit-fields

using-declarations

Member functions

Member access specifiers

Constructors and member initializer lists

Default member initializer (C++11)

friend specifier

explicit specifier

Converting constructor

Special member functions

Default constructor

Copy constructor

Move constructor (C++11)

Copy assignment operator

Move assignment operator (C++11)

Destructor

Inheritance

Base and derived classes

Empty base optimization (EBO)

Virtual member functions

Pure virtual functions and abstract classes

override specifier (C++11)

final specifier (C++11)

 

Specifies that a class is replaceable  (replaceable_if_eligible), trivially relocatable  (trivially_relocatable_if_eligible), or that a class cannot be derived from (final).

Syntax

Class property specifiers appear at the beginning of the class definition, immediately after the name of the class, and cannot appear in a class declaration.

class-key attr (optional) class-head-name class-prop-specifier-seq (optional) base-clause (optional)

class-prop-specifier-seq	-	one or more class-prop-specifier s, but each can appear at most once.
class-prop-specifier	-	one of final, replaceable_if_eligible and trivially_relocatable_if_eligible.

Before (C++26), there was the class-virt-specifier (optional) in place of class-prop-specifier-seq (optional), which only allowed the final for final specifier (since C++11).

Explanation

final, replaceable_if_eligible and trivially_relocatable_if_eligible are identifiers with a special meaning when used in a class head. In other contexts, it is not reserved and may be used to name objects and functions.

final specifier

final specifies that this class may not appear in the base-specifier-list of another class definition (in other words, cannot be derived from). The program is ill-formed otherwise (a compile-time error is generated). final can also be used with a union definition, in which case it has no effect (other than on the outcome of std::is_final)(since C++14), since unions cannot be derived from.

replaceable_if_eligible specifier

replaceable_if_eligible specifies that this class is replaceable  if it is eligible for replacement .

trivially_relocatable_if_eligible specifier

trivially_relocatable_if_eligible specifies that this class is trivially relocatable  if it is eligible for trivial relocation .

Replaceability

A class C is replaceable  if it is eligible for replacement  and either:

• has the replaceable_if_eligible class-prop-specifier
• is a union with no user-declared special member functions
• is default movable .

Eligibility for replacement

A class C is eligible for replacement  unless either:

• it has a base class that is not a replaceable  class
• it has a non-static data member that is not of a replaceable  type
• overload resolution fails or selects a deleted constructor when direct-initializing an object of type C from an xvalue of type C
• overload resolution fails or selects a deleted assignment operator function when assigning to an lvalue of type C from an xvalue of type C
• it has a deleted destructor.

Trivial relocatability

A class is trivially relocatable  if it is eligible for trivial relocation  and either:

• has the trivially_relocatable_if_eligible class-prop-specifier
• is a union with no user-declared special member functions
• is default movable .

Eligibility for trivial relocation

A class is eligible for trivial relocation  unless it has either:

• any virtual base classes
• a base class that is not a trivially relocatable  class
• a non-static data member of an object type that is not of a trivially relocatable  type
• a deleted destructor

except that it is implementation-defined whether an otherwise-eligible union having one or more subobjects of polymorphic class type is eligible for trivial relocation .

Default movability

A class C is default movable  if all following conditions are met:

• overload resolution for direct-initializing an object of type C from an xvalue of type C selects a constructor that is a direct member of C and is neither user-provided nor deleted
• overload resolution for assigning to an lvalue of type C from an xvalue of type C selects an assignment operator function that is a direct member of C and is neither user-provided nor deleted
• C has a destructor that is neither user-provided nor deleted.

Keywords

final, replaceable_if_eligible, trivially_relocatable_if_eligible.

Note

• Not all TriviallyCopyable classes are replaceable  or trivially relocatable .
• Accessibility of the special member functions is not considered when establishing trivial relocatability  or replaceability .
• A class with const-qualified or reference non-static data members can be trivially relocatable .
• unions with no user-declared special member functions and default movable  classes are both replaceable  and trivially relocatable , even when defined without class property specifiers.

Feature-test macro	Value	Std	Feature
__cpp_trivial_relocatability	202502L	(C++26)	Trivial relocatability

Example

Run this code

struct final;      / OK; declares a class named 'final',
                   / does not use class property specifiers.
struct IF final;   / Ill-formed: class property specifiers
                   / cannot appear at function declaration.
struct F final {}; / OK; specifier marks class F as non-derivable.
struct D: F {};    / Ill-formed: class F cannot be derived from.
 
/ OK; specifier marks class R as 𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘦𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 if eligible.
struct R replaceable_if_eligible {};
 
/ OK; specifier marks class T as 𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘳𝘦𝘭𝘰𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 if eligible.
struct T trivially_relocatable_if_eligible {};
 
/ OK; a class can be marked with multiple class property specifiers.
struct FRT final replaceable_if_eligible trivially_relocatable_if_eligible {};
 
/ Ill-formed: each class property specifier can appear at most once.
struct FRF final replaceable_if_eligible final {};
 
int main() {}

References

• C++26 standard (ISO/IEC 14882:2026):

• 6.8.1 Trivially relocatable and replaceable types [basic.types.general]

See also

final specifier (C++11)	declares that a method cannot be overridden or a class be derived from
is_final (C++14)	checks if a type is a final class type (class template)

Follow Lee on X/Twitter - Father, Husband, Serial builder creating AI, crypto, games & web tools. We are friends :) AI Will Come To Life!

Check out: eBank.nz (Art Generator) | Netwrck.com (AI Tools) | Text-Generator.io (AI API) | BitBank.nz (Crypto AI) | ReadingTime (Kids Reading) | RewordGame | BigMultiplayerChess | WebFiddle | How.nz | Helix AI Assistant