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Where are all the 'hot Neptune' exoplanets? Orbital chaos may have booted them out

News
By Robert Lea published 18 September 2025

"The complexity of the exo-Neptunian landscape provides offers a unique window onto the processes involved in the formation and evolution of planetary systems."

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An illustration of an exo-Neptune orbiting its home star
An illustration of an exo-Neptune orbiting its home star (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))

Astronomers have launched a new program known as ATREIDES to study a mysterious "desert" in space. But unlike the deserts of the planet Arrakis conquered by Paul Atreides in the "Dune" novels by Frank Hebert, this desert describes an absence of planets with masses up to around 20 times the mass of Earth that orbit close to their stars, planets scientists refer to as "hot Neptunes."

The first planets studied by the ATREIDES program, the two worlds of the said in a statement describing the ATREIDES program.

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To understand why this class of extrasolar planet, or " 10 years of exoplanet observations, the Neptunian desert has become increasingly complex. Areas further out from stars than the Neptunian desert have been found to be more generously populated with Neptune-sized worlds. This more temperate realm with more Neptune-like exoplanets has come to be known as the "savanna" of the Neptunian desert.

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planets migrate from their birthplaces to the orbits we observe them in.

Some exiled planets would migrate slowly through the disk of gas and dust that exists in these systems during their infancy. This sedate migration should produce planets in orbits aligned with their star's equator and the orbits of the other planets in their home system. That is similar to the orbits of the planets in the solar system, which are aligned almost to the equatorial plane of the sun.

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However, some other planets would be violently thrown from their site of formation via a chaotic process called "high-eccentricity migration." That should result in those planets falling into highly misaligned orbits.

That means the alignment between a star's orbital plane and the orbital plane of its planets is key to investigating this migration hypothesis.

blue dots distributed on a red and yellow background

A graph showing the distribution of exoplanets with Neptune like sizes marking out the hot Neptunian desert. (Image credit: NASA, ESA and A. Feild (STScI))

The team can't yet say anything conclusive yet about the Neptunian desert, its neighboring regions, or planetary evolution in general. Many more observations of more planetary systems with hot Neptunes will be needed for that.

However, this research successfully demonstrates the effectiveness of the ATREIDES program and the techniques it has developed and employed.

The team's research was published on Tuesday (Sept. 16) in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Senior Writer

Robert Lea is a science journalist in the U.K. whose articles have been published in Physics World, New Scientist, Astronomy Magazine, All About Space, Newsweek and ZME Science. He also writes about science communication for Elsevier and the European Journal of Physics. Rob holds a bachelor of science degree in physics and astronomy from the U.K.’s Open University. Follow him on Twitter @sciencef1rst.

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